domingo, 19 de abril de 2009

MAQUETAS

A todos en algun momento de la carrera nos toca hacer una maqueta, pero...por donde empezar, no?

Lo primero que debemos diferenciar es si la maqueta es "de estudio" o para una entrega. ¿que diferencia hay? una maqueta de estudio debe ser una maqueta rapido, con poco detalle (casi volumetrica) y maleable, como estas se realizan durante el proceso de diseño, deben ser maquetas factibles de cambio, que pueda despegar, mover y cortar, por lo que es recomendable usar materiales económicos. Para la entrega final, sí podemos invertir en un material más caro, dependendiendo de lo que se desea mostrar, el nivel de detalle, tamaño, etc.
Materiales:
Debemos elegirlo, como dije antes, segun la clase de maqueta, escala, nivel de detalle, tamaño, etc. algunos recomendados:

Carton Gris: el carton es muy material muy maleable, viene en varios espesores (1.5 mm, 2mm y 3mm) y cuesta entre $3 y $12 la plancha de 1m x 0.70m -el costo depende del espesor-
Ventajas: se puede conseguir facilmente, se pueden borrar la mayoria de las manchas de lapiz, se pueden lijar los cantos para una buena terminación.
Desventajas: no conviene pintarlo, especialmente con pinturas con alta cantidad de agua, porque el carton va a absorber la humedad y va a perder resistencia y se curvará. El aerosol suele ser una buena opción, pero puede que le saque "pelusitas", para mí lo mejor es dejarlo en su color natural.
Los espesores mas bajos son los mas faciles de trabajar, muchas veces es mejor trabajar con "cajas" huecas para darle espesor a un muro o una losa que usar un material muy grueso, que sera difil de cortar y le dará mucho peso a la maqueta.
Es conveniente trabajar con adhesivos universales como Unipox y Uhu (hay uno marca codigo que a mi me resulto muy malo, tbn el de la marca parsec no me gusto), la gotita u otros adhesivos de contacto manchan el carton y la cola vinílica y el cemento de contacto (el de zapatero) lo curvan.


Fotografia: Maqueta escala 1:500.- Relevamiento del Terreno - Analsis Proyectual 2, Fapyd UNR, catedra Moliné - Alumnas: Casañas/ Ramirez.
Carton empaque: es un carton muy fino y viene en dos terminaciones: blanco de ambos lados, o un lado balnco y otro madera (foto). La plancha de 1 x 0.7m cuesta cerca de $5.
la ventaja de este material es su practicidad, al ser tan fino es muy facil de cortar, y trabajando en "cajas" huecas (como las de la foto) pueden obtenerse volumetrías muy rapidas y prolijas.

Como viene con una coloración, no hace falta pintarlo.
Al igual que el carton gris, conviene usar pegamentos universales (por ejemplo: unipox)



Fotografía: Maqueta escala 1:50, area de Derechos Humanos, FAPyD, UNR. año 2008 - Pasantes: Secci / Ramirez .
Madera Balsa: Este material tiene un ballisima terminación si se lo trabaja adecuadamente. Viene en muchos es espores desde laminas finas como un papel hasta 12mm (si no me equivoco). Viene en tablas 9x90 cm (aproximadamente) y su costo depende del espesor (las de 1mm están alrededor de $5 cada planchita)

Ventajas: puede trabajarse muy bien, se pueden unir muchas planchas para logar el tamño deseado y no se notan las uniones (aunque debe prestarse atención porque no todas las planchas tienen la misma coloración), es muy liviana, puede pintarse sin muchos problemas y, en caso de imperfeciones, estan pueden solucionarse tapandolas con una mezcla de cola vinílica y aserrín y lugo lijarse cuidadosamente.

Fotografía: Maqueta escala 1:50, area de Derechos Humanos, FAPyD, UNR. año 2008 - Pasantes: Nucceti / Allende / Lovecchio.
Puede curvarse sumerjiendola en agua tibia algunos minutos.
En la foto pueden observar que, para usar al máximo el material y economizar recursos, se trabajó con planchas de 1mm haciendo cajas con bastidores de cartón y tapando los cantos con madera o listones de pino-
La unica contra de este material es el costo.
Hay otros materiales en el mercado tales como: carton pluma, alto impacto, carton blanco, carton enchapado y acrílicos, de los acuales he trabajado algunos pero no tengo fotografías. De ellos, es particularmente bueno el alto impacto, su costo es elevado (cerca de $100 la plancha de 2.40x1.70m, no estoy segura de las medidas pero es aproximadamente el doble de una plancha de carton), se trabaja muy facilmente, para cortarlo se marca con la trincheta y luego de parte; para pegarlo debe usarse tolueno - casi puro, se compra en droguerias. para que no "queme" el material, dentro del tolueno conviene diluir alguna tirita de alto impacto, asi no es tan abrasivo - para aplicar este pegamento debe usarse un pincel de madera con cerdas - nunca un pincel o espatula plástica, porque la derrite.
Este material puede curvarse y adoptar cualquier forma calentandolo con un secador de pelo, o una pistola de calor. Viene en muchisimos espesores, puede pintarse perfectamente con aerosol o acrilicos.
En caso de imperfecciones, se lija con una lija al agua (humedeciendo primero la superficie), puede aplicarse un poco de enduido plástico para una mejor terminación.
Hay fotos de un trabajo con este material en en blog del area de Derechos Humanos
Ojala la info sea de utilidad, queda mucho más por decir de este tema...pero ya se hace muy largo.... saludos!

14 comentarios:

Andrés Bustos A. dijo...

Que buena publicación.
Se ven muy interesantes los trabajos realizados, y además útil la información entregada.

Nosotros tenemos un taller de maquetas en Santiago de Chile, y usamos diversos materiales, algunos similares a los que mencionas, y ahora último hemos trabajado mayormente con CNC.

Espero puedas seguir compartiendo más trabajos.

saludos

tehuarq dijo...

Era lindo hacer maquetas..... digo "era" por que la velocidad y ventajas que nos da trabajar con programas 3D ha tomado su lugar. Por lo menos en las maquetas de estudio, casi de uso personal, necesarias para que el proyectista pudiera "ver" y "sentir" lo que estaba trabajando en un modelo biplanar. Supongo que esto hace que cuando son necesarias maquetas de presentación sea tan difícil encontrar calidad y costo accesible. ¿no crees?

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